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Encyclopedia of Pestilence-Pandemicss and Plaques, Joseph P. Byrne, 2008 PDF
By:Greenwood Press
Published on 2008-06-18 by Bukupedia

This encyclopedia of infectious diseases in history grew out of a proposal for an encyclopedia of the Black Death that followed two volumes I wrote for Greenwood Press on the second plague pandemic. Greenwood’s editors were correct to suggest a much broader, interdisciplinary work, given that existing works on the history of epidemic disease tended to be either chronological or topical by disease, or topical by place. Given the opportunity, I engaged a truly first-rate editorial board of medical historians, M.D.s, a microbiologist, and medical history librarians. With their indispensable help, I crafted a list of entries that would take the nonspecialist advanced high school or college student from the basics of bacteria and viruses, through the intricacies of the human body and immunity to disease, to the major infectious diseases (and some others of growing relevance). Historical outbreaks constituted a second category of entries. We chose the major pandemics of plague, influenza, and cholera, of course, but we also included more tightly focused outbreaks that allowed for a closer analysis of the phenomena, their impacts, and the ways people dealt with them. A third major group of articles, we felt, needed to discuss the range of care-giving and treatments that developed independently of or in response to the great disease outbreaks. Physicians, nurses, pharmacists, hospitals, leprosaria, sanatoria, as well as sulfa drugs and antibiotics found their places in these pages. Related to these entries are those outlining major theories of disease and medicine that dictated cultural responses to epidemic disease. Desiring to be synthetic as well as specific in coverage, we decided to commission a series of longer entries on historical (and contemporary) factors that have affected the emergence and spread of epidemic diseases. Some of these are natural (air, water, the environment) but many are social, economic, and political: colonialism, war, poverty, urbanization, and the sexual revolution, for example. A final broad category covers effects or responses to disease, including media and artistic responses, international health organizations, and effects on personal liberties. We chose these categories and topics with a view to both the basics and to geographical and chronological diversity. We make no claims of completeness or comprehensiveness but do hope that we have provided a variety of materials that will stimulate and aid research, both informing and leading the reader to other fruitful sources. To aid internal searching, we have provided an alphabetical list of all entries in the front matter, as well as an index at the end of Volume 2. Each entry includes a list of related entries under “See also,” while terms with their own entries that appear in the text are boldfaced for easy identification. Arcing across the nearly 300 articles are certain themes that should serve a student well: colonialism, war, the development of Western medicine, the roles of migration and modern globalization, and the continuing plight and challenges of much of the underdeveloped world in the face of established and emerging diseases. We have chosen some of these themes and grouped relevant entries in the Guide to Related Topics that follows the List of Entries in the front matter. Entries have been written and edited for use by students with minimal backgrounds in biology, and a glossary of predominantly biomedical terms has been appended. Each entry has a list of suggested readings, and many have useful Websites. A broad bibliography of Websites, books, and articles appears at the end of Volume 2. In acknowledging my own debts to those who made this work possible, I would like to begin with the 101 authors from around the world who lent this project their time and expertise. The outstanding credentials of our editorial board members—Ann Carmichael, Katharine Donahue, John Parascandola, Christopher Ryland, and William Summers— are listed elsewhere, but let me assure the reader that without their contributions from conception to final editing, these volumes would have but a fraction of their merit. Each has gone well beyond any contractual obligations, each in his or her own ways, and any and all flaws are mine alone. Greenwood Press has provided me with a very helpful and supportive editor in Mariah Gumpert who has overseen this work from start to finish. I also wish to acknowledge the local efforts of Sarah Bennett, who developed the illustration program for the encyclopedia, Rebecca and Elizabeth Repasky who compiled the glossary and edited portions of the text, and Elizabeth Schriner who gathered many of the Website citations scattered about these pages. Finally, I wish to thank Belmont University, my home institution, for providing me with the academic leave and many of the means necessary to pull this project together Pandemics, epidemics, and infectious diseases have long been the deadliest challenges to human existence, greatly outstripping wars, accidents, and chronic diseases as a cause of mortality. They have filled history books and have been woven into the fabric of popular and religious culture: examples include the Pharaonic “plagues” of the Old Testament and the many later “plagues” of ancient Greece and Rome; the writings of Boccaccio, Machaut, and Petrarch about the Black Death; Daniel Defoe’s long-running 1722 best seller memorializing London’s 1665 plague epidemic, A Journal of the Plague Year; and the dying consumptive heroines of Dumas and Murger, widely read and then reimagined operatically in La Traviata and La Bohème. Much about infectious diseases has changed in the modern era, with the availability of vaccines, antimicrobial therapy and other interventions; however, much remains eerily familiar. We still face the unpredictable appearance of new diseases such as SARS, H5N1 avian influenza, and HIV/AIDS. We still read and see and listen to the plague artistry of earlier times, with the same morbid fascination, but we also find and cherish contemporary “plague art.” Popular histories about epidemics continue to become best sellers, such as John Barry’s The Great Influenza, about the 1918–1919 pandemic. Outbreak, a film about a deadly viral pandemic threat, has been seen by millions of people and remains popular more than a decade after its 1995 release. “Andromeda strain,” taken from the title of a 1969 book about a potentially world-ending pandemic, has even entered the standard English vocabulary. Although a deep-seated public fascination with plagues, pestilences, and pandemics is obvious, many encyclopedic works on the subject already sit on library shelves. Is there anything new to say in 2008 that has not already been said countless times before? I think the answer is a resounding Yes. Our understanding of infectious diseases has grown steadily in the past two decades, thanks in large part to the new tools of molecular biology. Much of this new knowledge is incorporated into the entries in this encyclopedia.

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